Aristotle atomic theory4/12/2024 First published in 1807, many of Dalton’s hypotheses about the microscopic features of matter are still valid in modern atomic theory. The Aristotelian view of the composition of matter held sway for over two thousand years, until English schoolteacher John Dalton helped to revolutionize chemistry with his hypothesis that the behavior of matter could be explained using an atomic theory. Interestingly, these philosophers thought about atoms and “elements” as philosophical concepts, but apparently never considered performing experiments to test their ideas. Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements”-fire, earth, air, and water-and could be infinitely divided. In the fifth century BC, Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, a term derived from the Greek word for “indivisible.” They thought of atoms as moving particles that differed in shape and size, and which could join together. The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers, the scientists of their day. Atomic Theory through the Nineteenth Century We will also introduce one of the most powerful tools for organizing chemical knowledge: the periodic table. The concepts of this foundation include the atomic theory, the composition and mass of an atom, the variability of the composition of isotopes, ion formation, chemical bonds in ionic and covalent compounds, the types of chemical reactions, and the naming of compounds. This chapter will lay the foundation for our study of the language of chemistry. Chemical equations provide information about the quality and quantity of the changes associated with chemical reactions. Chemical formulas depict molecules as well as the composition of compounds. Chemical symbols are used to represent atoms and elements. The language of chemistry includes its own vocabulary as well as its own form of shorthand. The language used in chemistry is seen and heard in many disciplines, ranging from medicine to engineering to forensics to art. Use postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory to explain the laws of definite and multiple proportions.State the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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